Exploring the Rich Heritage of Indian Classical Dances: The 8 Classical Dances of India

Indian classical dances are traditional dance forms rooted in the ancient scriptures of Natya Shastra, an authoritative Sanskrit text on performing arts written by sage Bharata. The Natya Shastra outlines the techniques, emotions, and gestures that define classical dance and drama. Each dance form has its own unique style, rhythm, and narrative style, but all share a common goal: to tell stories from Hindu mythology, express devotional themes, or celebrate cultural values.

The 8 Classical Dances of India

India officially recognizes eight classical dance forms, each originating from different regions and communities, yet collectively representing the country's cultural tapestry.

1. Bharatanatyam (Tamil Nadu): Often regarded as the oldest classical dance form, Bharatanatyam combines intricate footwork, hand gestures (mudras), and facial expressions to narrate stories of Hindu gods and goddesses. The classical dance dress in Bharatanatyam is characterized by vibrant silk sarees, traditional jewelry, and adornments that enhance the visual appeal.


2. Kathak (North India): Known for its fast spins, intricate footwork, and dramatic storytelling, Kathak has influences from both Hindu and Mughal cultures. The classical dance dress for Kathak typically includes a flowing Anarkali or lehenga, complemented by ghungroos (ankle bells) that accentuate rhythmic foot movements.


3. Kathakali (Kerala): Distinguished by its elaborate costumes and face makeup, Kathakali is a dance-drama form that portrays epic tales from Ramayana and Mahabharata. The classical dance dress here is flamboyant, with large headgear, colorful facial paint, and layered costumes that create a majestic look.


4. Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh): Kuchipudi combines fast rhythms with graceful movements and often includes spoken dialogue. The traditional classical dance dress for Kuchipudi resembles that of Bharatanatyam, featuring bright sarees and traditional jewelry.


5. Manipuri (Manipur): Known for its smooth, flowing movements and delicate hand gestures, Manipuri is a devotional dance focusing largely on themes of Radha and Krishna. The classical dance dress involves vibrant skirts (phanek) and translucent veils, creating an ethereal appearance.


6. Odissi (Odisha): Odissi is renowned for its lyrical grace, intricate gestures, and tribhangi posture (three-bend body position). The classical dance dress includes traditional sarees draped in a distinct style with elaborate silver jewelry, especially a headpiece called Tahiya.


7. Sattriya (Assam): Originating in the monasteries of Assam, Sattriya is a dance form used to depict religious stories through elegant gestures and rhythmic footwork. The classical dance dress features traditional Assamese silk attire and accessories.


8. Mohiniyattam (Kerala): This dance form is characterized by gentle, swaying body movements and feminine grace. The classical dance dress includes a white or off-white saree with gold borders, reflecting the simple yet elegant style of Kerala.

Forms of Classical Dance: Diversity and Unity

While the 8 classical dances of india vary widely in style and presentation, they share common elements like storytelling through abhinaya (expression), the use of mudras (hand gestures), and a connection to spiritual or mythological themes. These dances often incorporate music, rhythm, and drama to create an immersive cultural experience.

Each form represents the cultural identity of its region, yet together, they illustrate the unity in diversity that India cherishes. The forms of classical dance also emphasize discipline and training, where dancers undergo rigorous practice to master the subtle nuances of expression and technique.